Evil and Suffering Essay Sample free essay sample

Separate A ) ‘Evil and agony is the consequence of a malevolent God’ discuss the job of immorality and agony in visible radiation of this quotation mark. ( 6 Markss ) There are two different types of immorality. Moral immorality and natural immorality. Moral immorality is the consequence of human actions that are morally incorrect. Examples are slaying. war and inhuman treatment. Richard Swinburn said ‘Moral immorality I understand as including all immorality caused intentionally by worlds negligently neglecting to make what they ought to make. and besides the immorality constituted by such calculated actions or negligent failure’ . Natural immorality is non caused by worlds. and it is the evident malfunctioning of the natural universe. Examples of this are volcanoes break outing. temblors. dearths. and diseases. John Hick said ‘Natural immorality is the immorality that originates independently of human actions. in disease†¦ in temblors. storms. drouths. or tornadoes’ . Evil and agony is decidedly debatable. There are several grounds for this. We will write a custom essay sample on Evil and Suffering Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page First. it produces enduring which normally seems unjust. This may include animate being enduring which. of class. is wholly unjust because the carnal normally can non make anything in it’s power to halt itself enduring. This leads to the belief that immorality does be and is a world. and is a challenging job. The following job is a theological job. This is that evil challenges the nature of God. A philosophical job with immorality is that it requires the truster to accept conflicting claims. Last. the job that evil comes in many signifiers and which demand different accounts is a diverse job. These footings do propose a malevolent God. If God is benevolent so these definitions of immorality and agony do do the job greater. because one would inquire why God chooses to do guiltless and unworthy people suffer. for which there is no existent reply available to adult male. JL Mackie came up with the ‘inconsistent triad’ to explicate the job of immorality and enduring with belief in God. He wrote about a trigon which has three points ; God’s omnipotence. evil bing. and God’s omnibenevolence. These three constituents can non be together if they are all right. therefore one of the m must be incorrect. This leads us to oppugn the nature of God. and wether he is the classical theistic God that we think we know. Part B ) Examine two theodicies and measure whether they provide an equal solution for the job of immorality and agony. ( 24 Markss ) Augustinian theodicy: Aquinas’s argues that whatever agony and evil worlds have to travel through. God puts them through for a ground which is that it’s what’s best for them. and is necessary and indispensable in one manner or another. Therefore. argued. God is still all loving or omnibenevolent. and the job of immorality and agony does non dispute this. Augustine’s theodicy is mostly similar to this thought. Augustine argued that the existence is good. therefore is a creative activity of from a good God for a good intent. The Bible shows that God created the universe absolutely. but it was made progressive when Adam and Eve succumbed to the tree of enticement and ate the out fruits. This created original wickedness. and is the ground for immorality and agony. This leads me on to the factor of freewill. Augustine argues that in order for God to be omnibenevolent. he needs to give adult male freewill. As a effect of giving adult male freewill. adult male will do evil and agony in some of their actions. Besides. Augustine argued that immorality is wholly necessary in a good universe. because it means we know what good is. With no immorality or agony or bad. adult male would non cognize what good and bad were. and the differentiation between them. This could do adult male to non appreciate felicity and good. Augustine concluded that God should non set a halt to evil and enduring or intervene. because it is a penalty for human wickedness and God is just. He said that if God was unjust. so everyone would have their rightful penalty in snake pit. but God. being the selfless and just God that he is. direct his ain boy Jesus Christ to decease so that those who believed could be saved. The Augustine Theodicy clears God of any duty for the being of immorality. There have been many unfavorable judgments of Augustine’s theodicy. including Friedrich Schleirmarcher ( 1768-1834 ) argued that it was a ‘logical contradiction’ to state that the perfect universe created by God had gone incorrectly. If the universe is perfect so how can it be incorrect? It would connote that immorality had come out of nil. He said that if God was almighty and created a universe which he had entire power of. and was besides omnibenevolent. so people would non utilize their freewill to ache others. and angels and worlds would be wholly without mistake. He argued these points in his book ‘the Christian faith’ . Another contradiction of the Augustine Theodicy is that if there is no apprehension of good and evil in this perfect universe. so why would people take to disobey God? If there was no cognition of bad. so people would non cognize how to disobey God. The fa ct that they do disobey God means that there must be cognition of good and evil already present. God’s love may be the cause for this. God’s love involves holding a loving relationship with worlds and humanity. but echt love is holding both sides have the ability to take wether to love or reject each other. God can non fault worlds if they do reject his love. Peter Cole wrote ‘without freedom we could non portion in God’s goodness by freely loving him. However. the creative activity of free animals involved in the hazard that individuals would misapply their freedom and reject the good. and this is what happened. ’ The Theodicy can besides be criticised scientifically. Augustine’s theory that the universe was made absolutely and damaged by humanity is a contradiction to the widely believed theory of development. This theory suggests that the Earth has started from pandemonium and is continually bettering. instead than easy worsening. It besides is difficult to believe that worlds one time were perfect but are non any longer. There is physical scientific grounds that worlds have evolved from lower signifiers of life. instead than demoted from perfect existences. Whilst Augustine argued that immorality is non a existent thing that is present in the universe. many people. particularly those who have truly felt agon y. believe that is surely is a existent. present thing in the universe. Overall. the Augustine Theodicy is attractive to conservative theists. because it provides a classical theistic reply to the job of immorality and agony. However. the Theodicy does open up a larger sum of unanswerable inquiries. so the failings out manner the strengths. Procedure theodicy:The procedure theodicy is a more modern theodicy. It arose from the positions of A. N Whitehead and was further developed by David Griffin in his book ‘God. Power and Evil: A Process Theodicy’ . It is extremist. and suggests that God is non almighty. This is extremist because of how widely believed the thought of God’s omnipotence is. Therefore. he can non halt immorality. This. like the Augustine Theodicy. clears God from all duty of evil whilst still leting him to be portion of the Earth and humanity. although it implies that God did non really make the existence because the existence is an ‘uncreated procedure of which God is a portion of’ . Harmonizing to the procedure theodicy. the existence is a uninterrupted procedure. Everything stems from one thing to another. and so the procedure goes on. Sometimes this creates harmoniousness. or good. and sometimes it produces ‘discord’ . or bad. Evil is hence ineluctable thr oughout the procedure. The theodicy argues that God himself is still developing. and is ‘dipolar’ which means he has two poles. one playing as God’s outlook and one as God’s ‘body’ . He is partially distinguishable and partially submerged in the universe. merely like worlds are in their organic structures. Creation itself is seen as co-operation between God and other existences. non merely as God’s duty. God’s function is seen as one to develop worlds. non make them. and to get down the evolutionary procedure. Whitehead said that God is the ‘fellow sick person who understands’ . John Hick said that God ‘ can non halt immorality because He does non hold the power to alter the natural process’ . However. if God started the evolutionary procedure so he does bear some duty for it because he must hold known he would non be able to command it. God’s function is besides to maximize harmoniousness and guarantee that the good by and large outweighs the immorality in the universe. John Hick believes that he helps people to populate in ‘the best way’ by ‘persuasion and lure’ but can non command them. H e observed ‘the world of immorality in the universe is the step of the extent to which God’s will is. in fact. thwarted. God offers the best possibility for each juncture as it creates itself. but the consecutive occasions are free non to conform to the Godhead program. ’ The procedure theodicy is questioned as to if it is a theodicy at all by many philosophers. It breaks the regulations of a theodicy and has strong failings. First. it is elitist. Whilst many are enduring. merely a choice few addition any benefit. Second. it denies that God is almighty. This is controversial because it implies he is non the God of classical theism and lacks a immense portion of him. It seems he allows a immense bulk of people to endure in order for a little minority to be free from enduring. John Hick criticised this by stating ‘The God of the procedure theodicy is†¦ God of the elite. or the great and successful among world. This is non the God of those 1000000s who have been crippled by malnutrition and have suffered and died under subjugation and development. pestilence and dearth. inundation and earthquake’ . This suggests that people who suffer will non believe the procedure theodicy. Third. unlike other theodicies. it does non explicate the nature of God in order to warrant the being of immorality. This means evil still goes on in the universe regardless of there being a God. and it does non supply a entire reply for immorality and agony. It besides brings into inquiry wether such a limited God is even worthy of worship. Last. even if it is the instance that the good outweighs the immorality. this is no solace for those who have suffered. Hick said ‘however. the starvation and the oppressed. the victims of Auschwitz†¦ can barely be expected to portion the procedure of God’s point of position. or to see God as worthy of their worship and praise’ . This quotation mark further demonstrates the thought illustrated before that people who have suffered will non believe or back up the procedure theodicy. because it would intend they have been difficult done by and below the belt treated. Overall. the procedure theodicy’s failings weigh ou t it’s strengths. which makes it a weak theodicy. and means it does non supply an equal solution for the job of immorality and agony.

Heart of Darkness2 essays

Heart of Darkness2 essays In Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, there is a great interpretation of the feelings of the characters and uncertainties of the Congo. Although Africa, nor the Congo are ever really referred to, the Thames river is mentioned as support. This intricate story reveals much symbolism due to Conrad's theme based on the lies and good and evil, which interact together in every man. Today, of course, the situation has changed. Most literate people know that by probing into the heart of the jungle Conrad was trying to convey an impression about the heart of man, and his tale is universally read as one of the first symbolic masterpieces of English prose (Graver,28). In any event, this story recognizes primarily on Marlow, its narrator, not about Kurtz or the brutality of Belgian officials. Conrad wrote a brief statement of how he felt the reader should interpret this work: "My task which I am trying to achieve is, by the power of the written word, to make you hear, to make you feel-it is above all, to make you see.(Conrad 1897) Knowing that Conrad was a novelist who lived in his work, writing about the experiences were as if he were writing about himself. "Every novel contains an element of autobiography-and this can hardly be denied, since the creator can only explain himself in his creations."(Kimbrough,158) The story is written as seen through Marlow's eyes. Marlow is a follower of the sea. His voyage up the Congo is his first experience in freshwater navigation. He is used as a tool, so to speak, in order for Conrad to enter the story and tell it out of his own philosophical mind. He longs to see Kurtz, in the hope's of appreciating all that Kurtz finds endearing in the African jungle. Marlow does not get the opportunity to see Kurtz until he is so disease-stricken he looks more like death than a person. There are ...

Strategic Public Relations Plan for Tesco Assignment

Strategic Public Relations Plan for Tesco - Assignment Example An application of SOSTAC is applied here to Tesco. SOSTAC is a strategic marketing process introduced by Paul R. Smith (1990). This is being made a model in marketing throughout the business world. It has many features that involve SWOT, 5Ps, Marketing Mix, and other marketing tools. TESCO sees to it that it helps British shopping public. Tesco aims to make shopping simpler, more convenient and affordable for the customers. If these issues are directly addressed, customers reward the company with their loyalty. The company aims to communicate to the customers through its many subsidiaries, benefiting customers wherever they shop. Consumers have an easy way of switching between stores, that is, they choose to shop in a different store from one month to the next. They have a wide range of retailers to choose from including Wall Mart/Asda, Saisbury, Morrison, Waitrose, M&S, Somerfield, Aldi, Lidl and Netto, other smaller supermarkets, Costco and Makro, the Co-Ops, Symbol groups, and thousands of independent retailers. (Talking Tesco) TESCO then is in a very stiff competition. The management has to apply an effective PR strategy to cope with the challenges. Everyday too, the organization has to apply innovations to its various marketing infrastructures to be able to satisfy customers. Application of SOSTAC starts w... situation, the question that needs to be asked is "Where are we now" This means analyzing the entire organization, on how it has gone through after years of operation. Situation After its founding in 1919 by Jack Cohen, then the first Tesco store opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware, North London, the organisation has grown into a large business venturing not only on food but also on electrical goods, clothes and other services such as insurance, banking, etc. It has 30 distribution centres, of which six are dedicated to non-food and clothing. It is now the largest online grocery shopping service in the world. Fourth biggest online retailer in the UK, behind Amazon, Dell and Argos. Its revenues grew by 29.2% in 2007. Tesco.com, the online shopping alternative accounts for 66.2% of all UK online food and grocery shoppers. (Datamonitor.com) The 3,262 stores wordwide go through multiple formats including: Extra, Superstore, Metro, Express, and Fresh and Easy. Tesco is now the leading retailer in the UK with about 30% of the total UK grocery market, and the largest food retailers in the world employing about 318,300 people. Tesco 2007 profits exceeded 2.55 billion. (Datamonitor.com) Marketing Mix applied on Tesco The Marketing Mix model (also known as the 4 P's) is used by marketers as a tool to assist in defining the marketing strategy. Marketing managers use this method to attempt to generate the optimal response in the target market by blending 4 (or 5, or 7) variables in an optimal way. It is important to understand that the Marketing Mix principles are controllable variables. The Marketing Mix can be adjusted on a frequent basis to meet the changing needs of the target group and the other dynamics of the marketing environment. (12 Manage website) PRODUCT The

Death Sentence of Saddam Hussein Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Death Sentence of Saddam Hussein - Case Study Example Against the nature of the trial. Most seem to agree that the trial was hugely unfair to Hussein, the judges were under pressure to reach a guilty verdict; the defense (Or at least that part of it that was not killed before the end of the trial) was not given all of the facts, and the death sentence was speedily carried out without adequate time for appeal. While issues such as the death penalty are clearly procedural, the allegation that the verdict was pre-arranged, and no adequate proof of Saddam's guilt was provided, fall into the category of Substantive law. The defendants were charged with committing "Murder, torture, forced displacement, and unlawful imprisonment" (Human Rights Watch, 2006). However, because the charges were so vague (Ibid) some feel that Saddam was instead, convicted of Crimes against Humanity "An offence against international Law for which Iraqi law stipulates no penalty" (Kadri, 2007). Those picked to hear the case were Kurds and Shiites, effectively excluding those of Hussein's own ethnic group. A judge was appointed with a 'conflict of interest', as he came from Halabja (mathaba, 2006) International human rights activists are concerned that the trial of Hussein over Dujail prevented Saddam's other victims from presenting their cases. Not only were these cases more provable, but the United States and the United Kingdom were intimately involved in these crimes. International Law There are two essential pieces of International Law which have been violated by the trial and death Sentence of Saddam Hussein: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) The right of everyone to competent tribunals (Article 8) The right of everyone to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal (Article 10) The right of eve

Managing people Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Managing people - Case Study Example Terry & Franklin (1994) defines management as 'a distinct process consisting of activities of planning, organising, actuating and controlling performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives with the use of human beings and other resources'. In this paper we will analyse Coca-Cola for the manner in which it manages its workforce. Coca Cola is a kind of product which is known and available in almost all parts of the world. It is said that1 'if all the Coca-Cola ever produced were in 8-ounce contour bottles laid end-to-end, they would reach to the moon and back 1,677 times'. With increasing consumer base, opening economies, globally accepted rules and regulation, emphasis on quality standards etc. the consumer base of the company is bound to see many more milestones in the near future. Therefore managing such a company becomes far more challenging as the company requires to have policies in place to manage the diversity in workforce, depending upon the regional considerations etc. With a global workforce of around 90, 500, the company has been able to attain 1.5 billion servings a day, Muhtar Kent, President and Chief Operating Officer of the company says2, "Coca-Cola isn't only a drink. It's an idea, a vision, a feeling. It's connection and refreshment." Coca-Cola being an international brand and ha... Therefore, to assess the need of new workforce, the company is in need of the following information and documentation; i. The marketing strategies and sales targets planned for the year/ region. Coca Cola prefers to have ambitious targets and with the levels of competition increasing and margins shrinking, efficiency and effectiveness are the key consideration in planning the requirement of personnel. ii. The employees' turnover ratio also plays a crucial role in such requirement. Suppose nobody leaves the job this year from the company, then the company will of course be looking to have fewer recruitments, while focusing on granting promotions and bonuses to the loyal workforce. iii. The budgetary provisions under the HR department, of course are a key consideration as it will help in deciding about the salary and perquisites structure for the workforce. iv. Regional considerations like the size of the market, topography of the area etc. For example, if the market/country is a big size, it requires a separate focus and a dedicated team, but if the market size is small, it can be clubbed with some other countries/ regions. For example China being a huge market with many more opportunities for the company, it certainly helps to have a dedicated team from top to bottom, but the markets like Thailand, Philippines etc. can be clubbed together from the point of view of top management. The sales force and lower level employees can of course be from the respective markets. Similarly, the topography and availability of facilities like transport, communication etc. also determines the kind of the workforce the company might be recruiting. v. Strategies of competing companies also play a crucial

Analysis of literary elements in Harlem

Analysis of literary elements in Harlem What is a deferred dream that is not pursued? Published in 1951 by Langston Hughes, Harlem poses several questions using similes, imagery and culturally aimed words of the 1951 time period as to what happens to a deferred dream of equality. Most critics would agree that the dream Langston Hughes presented in the first line of the poem symbolizes African American longing for equality in most all aspects of American Society. Critic Mark Scott, for example, wrote that Hughes devoted his poetic genius to the realization of that dream deferred, the dream of racial equality(Scott 1). This longing that is deferred means that that most aspects of inequality such as racism and restrained opportunities still exist for African Americans in Society. In particular the first four questions Hughes delineates in Harlem direct the reader through his use of images and similes, to accentuate the deprivation of African American equality and success in American Society. Using bold images the poet helps readers to imagine the ideas in the poem. Beginning with the first question Hughes chose the image of a dried raisin to portray the idea of withering and uselessness. Of course the fruit was once appealing at a certain time in its growth. Critic Harry Phillips asserts a valid point in the first question, However, when the fruit, like the dream of equality, remains unharvested, it metamorphoses into something shrunken and less appealing(Phillips 1). In other words Phillips is saying that just like the raisin being uncollected is the same as the dream of equality being deferred. In the same question Hughes uses a simile to compare it, being the deferred dream of equality, with the dry raisin in the sun. For instance in the second question, Hughes uses the image of a festering sore to convey that continuously enduring racism and inequality is painful to pursue the dream of equality. Similarly in the third question there is the smell of rotten meat which again is compared to a dream that is no longer viable. The fourth question brings in to view sweet candy which seemingly may have been good to eat, but like the previously mentioned rotten meat the candy has lost its significance. After reading the previous questions and understanding the concept of the comparisons, the idea of the heavy load in the next section of the poem is understandable. In Phillips view, for example, he signifies that, Images are piled into â€Å"a heavy load,† and the weight of keeping ones eyes on the prize of genuine emancipation after repeated defeats causes the dream to sag and puts the prize seemingly out of reach(Phillips 1). In acknowledgment to Phillips view he emphasizes on the heavy load as se emingly a obstruction of hard ships that make it difficult for the dream to be realized. Finally the last line of the poem, is italicized for the poet to exemplify the importance that even though the dream for equality may be subdued and oppressed the persistent longing for the dream of African American equality will one day be reality. However the explosive nature of the dream signifies that it is not a gradual process but rather an forceful or extreme event that will take place to essentialy bring an end to racial inequality in American Society. In conclusion the literary elements such as the repetitive similes and strong imagery that Hughes uses in Harlem help the reader to understand the significance in the ideas that are depicted in the text by putting images in the readers memory to present the underlying theme.

Midaq Alley :: Naguib Mahfouz, Midaq Alley

Naguib Mahfouz is the author of the book Midaq Alley that was translated from Arabic by Trevor Le Gassick. First published in 1966, Midaq Alley displays a historical period of Egypt in the most intimate sense as it is presented through the lives of the characters that inhabit the alley. Although the book is set in the early forties it possesses a taste of eternity as the reader watches the characters struggle through questions of morality, ethics, and traditions. (The answer of which shape their behavior.) This is all perceived through the eyes of the ageless alley, which is witnessed with total indifference. Thus, inhancing the feeling of eternity within which the circle of life is forever revolving. Midaq Alley persents a diversity of chracters that creates the atmosphere that it is a whole life and a complete portray of a functioning Egyptian socity of the forties. Mahfouz successfully relates the events in Midaq Alley with the outside world by refering to politics. This is illustrated when he states that -at this period of the Egyptian history, working girls were usually jewish-they were the starting flare that began modernization. The materialistic insentive that characterized most of the inhabitants of the alley; best seen in Hamida, who in pursuite of her dreams of wealth and dresses became Titi that belongs to Ibrahim Faraj-the pimp. Another close reference to political events is through Abbas who leaves the alley to go work for the British Army in persue of material gains-regardless of the question of paterialism! furthermore, Mahfouz states the bad conditons of trade through Salim Alwan-the factory owner, as "wartime cut in imports from India". Thus, stimulating me rchantes that are personified in Salim Alwan to trade in different commodities, which perviously never interested them; for instance, tea. This resulted in the creation of black markets and subtaintial profits for merchantes. Intimate description of the inhabitants in Midaq alley gives the alley a life of it's own. Mahfouz indulges the reader in the inhabitants inner thoughts and desires; Kirsha's drug addiction and homosexuality; Zaita's sadistic nature; Hamida's untamed ambitions; Alwan's desires for Hamida; Hussain's dissatisfaction. On the other hand, there is Radwan Hussainy-the religiiou figure; Abbas the niave lover. Thus, Mahfouz created a complete sphere for a socity with the good along the bad; with the intangled destinies of the characters in Midaq Alley.